OTÁZKY A ODPOVĚDI – co nás zajímá
Na této stránce na vaše otázky dnes odpovídá MUDr. D. Němcová z Revmatologické ambulance a lůžkového oddělení Kliniky dětského a dorostového lékařství 1. LFUK.
Své otázky piště na kloubik@volny.cz
1) Ovlivňuje strava průběh nemoci ? Existuje seznam, které potraviny průběh nemoci zhoršují nebo naopak zlepšují ???? ( konkrétně maso, čokoláda ....)
Nejdříve je nutno zdůraznit , že v revmatologii není žádná dieta v pravém smyslu slova. U dospělých pacientů je doporučována úprava stravy s vyváženým příjmem bílkovin, cukrů a tuků s dostatečným obsahem vitamínů, minerálních látek a stopových prvků. V dětském věku je pravidlem pestrá strava na kterou dohlížejí rodiče i pediatři. Strava by měla být proteino-energeticky vyvážená s dostatkem čerstvého ovoce a zeleniny.
U dětí s aktivním onemocněním, nebo jak říkáme s aktivitou choroby je pozorována nechuť k jídlu. Tady je nutno dohlídnout na skladbu jídla a jeho pestrost,aby bylo energeticky dostatečné.Pokud si nejste jisti, pak konzultujte svého dětského lékaře.
Otázka vyloučení některých potravin z jídelníčku. Jsou potraviny, které nemáme moc rádi u dětí, a to jsou uzeniny, větší množství cukrářských výrobků, křupek, slaných smažených brambůrek a čokolády. U čokolády vzhledem k možné alergii na kakaové boby a jejímu účinku na zažívací trakt to u dětí nepřeháníme.Někteří autoři zabývající se stravou a revmatickým onemocněním udávají znírnění bolestivosti kloubů po vyloučení čokolády ze stravy.
Jinou otázkou je úprava stravy u dětí s kortikoidní terapii. Tady je v rámci péče o kostní hmotu nutný dostatečný příjem kalcia v potravě nebo je nutné po celou dobu terapie kortikoidy podávat kalcium , ale i vitamín D. Pokud je ve stravě dostatek vápníku, pak dodáváme jen D vitamin. Opět Vám přesně poradí Váš ošetřující lékař.
Tedy závěrem: aktivitu onemocnění může doprovázet horší stav výživy dítěte. Proto je důležité a jedině správné se o eventuální úpravě stravy poradit se svým dětským lékařem. Důležitý je příjem potřebných potravin s dostatečným zastoupením všech živin s dočasným vyloučením sladkostí a jiných pochutin.
2) Revmatické dítě a nemoci.
Mluvíme tedy o zvláštních opatřeních při léčbě Methotrexatem.
Plané neštovice: Jestliže v průběhu léčby Vaše dítě onemocnění planými neštovicemi, může mít tato infekce daleko těžší a komplikovanější průběh, než by měla v běžných případech. Proto je vhodné vyvarovat se styku se známými zdroji infekce. Pokud již ke kontaktu došlo nebo choroba se objevila, musíte kontaktovat svého lékaře, nejlépe do 24 hodin, aby bylo možné nasadit léčbu protivirovým antibiotikem (acyklovir- Herpesin nebo Zovirax tablety nebo sirup, event. injekce), které obvykle zamezí rozvoji závažnějších komplikací. Ve výjmečných případech je možno v inkubační době podat protilátky proti planým neštovicím. Pokud Vaše dítě mělo plané neštovice už dříve, uvedená opatření nejsou potřeba, pokud nemáte jistotu lze provést krevní vyšetření prokazující překonanou infekci. Při již rozvinutých neštovicích je vhodné přechodně vysadit jak MTX, tak nesteroidní antirevmatika ( Brufen sirup, Ibuprofen, Surgam..) do té doby, dokud se vyrážka nesloupne.
Užívání jiných léků.
Účinek MTX (Methotrexatu) může být ovlivněn podáváním řady jiných léků (a naopak). Pokud má dítě dostat nový lék je vždy třeba informovat lékaře nebo lékárníka o užívání MTX. Mezi léky, které se navzájem ovlivňují s MTX patří: trimetoprin, cotrimoxazol (Biseptol, Sumetrolin), peniciliny, některá antiepileptika (phenytoin), kyselina acetyxlosalicylová (Acylpyrin, Aspirin). Léky obsahující acylpyrin by neměly být vůbec podávány. Je možné podávat léky obsahující paracetamol (např. Paralen, Panadol, Efferalgan).
Rehabilitace a cvičení doma.
Ano, pravidelná rehabilitace je nutnou potřebou pro děti s juvenilní idiopatickou artritidou. Je chybou znehybnění bolestivého kloubu (různé sádry, sádrové dlahy ). Znehybnění vede velmi rychle k odbourávání kosti a zmenšení objemu svalů (např. při onemocnění kolenního kloubu, jde o svaly stehenní a lýtkové). Pokud je kloub znehybněn dochází k výraznému omezení rozsahu pohybu v kloubu. Při výrazné bolestivosti je vhodné tak zvané izometrické cvičení, které by měl provádět jen odborník - phyzioterapeut (rehabilitační pracovník). Cvičení, tak jako každou činnost je nutné dělat pro děti zajímavou formou pomocí míčků nebo i jiných, pro děti zajímavých nářadí. Určitě je dobré cvičení ve skupině, ale vhodnější je cvičení individuální. O cvičení budete poučení v rámci rehabilitace, individuálně, formou, která je vhodná pro Vaše dítě a odpovídá i jeho věku.
3) Jaké jsou výhody a nevýhody podávání Methotrexátu injekčně a v tabletách?
Methotrexat se podává v jedné dávce jedenkrát týdně, vždy ve stejný den.
Tablety se podávájí ráno na lačno, nejméně jednu hodinu před jídlem. Je nutné je zapít dostatkem tekutin, ale ne ovocného džusu. Nejčastěji je dnem podání sobota. První polovinu dne se nepodává mléko nebo mléčné výrobky.
Výhoda podávání tabletové formy je v samostatnosti a možnosti aplikace i mimo domov (výhoda při prázdninových pobytech). Nevýhodou je závislost účinku léku na vstřebání v zažívacím traktu. Množství se pohybuje mezi 23 % až 95%. Potrava opožďuje vstřebání léku a snižuje vrchol koncentrace.
V injekční formě je Methotrexat zpravidla úplně absorbován. Po aplikaci do svalu se vrchol koncentrace léku objevuje za 30-60 minut. Nevýhodou je nutnost pravidelné docházky k aplikaci nebo aplikace v domácím prostředí, při kterém musí být dodržovány hygienické předpisy (pro tuto aplikaci máme podrobný návod, jak s lékem pracovat).
Má se v den podávání Methotrexátu dítě držet více v klidu, eventuelně omezit nějaké konkrétní aktivity nebo záleží na momentální situaci, jak se dítě cítí ?
V den aplikace Methotrexatu není nutné mimo stravovací požadavky (na lačno, ne ovocné džusy, mléko a mléčné výrobky) dodržovat nadměrný klid. Ani nedoporučujeme snížení pohybové aktivity. Tak jako při ideálním režimu dítěte s artritidou pečujeme o spontánní pohyb dítěte.
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